{"id":23945,"date":"2018-06-06T00:05:43","date_gmt":"2018-06-06T07:05:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/?post_type=custom_features&p=23945"},"modified":"2018-06-06T09:58:42","modified_gmt":"2018-06-06T16:58:42","slug":"the-mysterious-decline-of-icelands-american-invader","status":"publish","type":"custom_features","link":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/features\/the-mysterious-decline-of-icelands-american-invader\/","title":{"rendered":"The Mysterious Decline of Iceland\u2019s American Invader"},"content":{"rendered":"

There\u2019s more than one way to find a mink. But no way, it turns out, is particularly easy.<\/p>\n

On the coastal cliffs of B\u00fa\u00f0ir, on Iceland\u2019s western Sn\u00e6fellsnes Peninsula, it\u2019s raining sideways. Gusts of wind, measured in meters per second, blow well over 15, limiting our forward momentum. Up ahead, Snorri Rafnsson clambers over clumps of long, windswept grasses that form a spongy mat over a maze of lava rock crevices. His six dogs have picked up the pungent, earthy scent of an American invader. In an all-out frenzy, they pile on top of each other and kick up dirt, in hot pursuit of the mink.<\/p>\n

\u201cHe is around here,\u201d says Rafnsson, standing authoritatively over his hunting dogs, camouflage-print shotgun in his backpack and an unconventional tool to push the mink out of its hiding spot at his side\u2014a leaf blower. Long dark hair under a black, flat-brim hat and a coarse beard complete his carefully cultivated modern Viking persona. Smartphone in hand, he narrates the chase for his thousands of Snapchat followers as he moves across the landscape with a purposeful stride. Rafnsson, who considers himself a full-time mink hunter, spends his days braving the harsh elements with his cadre of canines, picking off mink one by one.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe mink is a killing machine,\u201d Rafnsson says with reluctant awe, recalling how mink left 300 dead puffins strewn across the beach on a nearby island in a mess of blood and feathers. A mink doesn\u2019t just take one puffin like a fox, he explains, it kills everything.<\/p>\n

\"Snorri<\/a>

Snorri Rafnsson uses a leaf blower to try to push a mink out of its hiding place within the labyrinthine lava of Iceland\u2019s Sn\u00e6fellsnes Peninsula. Photo by Svavar J\u00f3natansson<\/p><\/div>\n

Rafnsson sees it as his duty to protect his country\u2019s vulnerable bird colonies. Last year alone, he killed between 400 and 500 mink. Farmers often call on him, he says, to protect the eider ducks whose soft feathery down they collect in their fields. A single mink can wipe out a whole colony. \u201cSome old people say they are like vampires. They drink blood,\u201d Rafnsson continues. No, in his mind, they are athletes, always practicing and honing their skills.<\/p>\n

Some four meters below us, the tempest churns the ocean. Rafnsson revs the leaf blower, directing it into the mink\u2019s hiding spot. His dogs are growing frustrated, their enthusiastic digging waning by the minute; despite their best efforts, the mink has retreated deep into the lava labyrinth where they cannot follow.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe need dynamite,\u201d Rafnsson roars over the wind. \u201cThat\u2019s the problem [with] the lava. We have no chance.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Mink<\/a>

Snorri Rafnsson, also a duck hunter, sees it as his responsibility to kill invasive mink. Photo by Svavar J\u00f3natansson<\/p><\/div>\n

American mink were first introduced to Iceland in the early 1930s to supply fur farms. At the peak of production in 1988, Iceland had more than 85,000 captive mink; and at one point, more than 70 farms were in the business of turning plush mink pelts into money.<\/p>\n

It didn\u2019t take long for some of the captives to escape their factory confines and lay siege to the country\u2019s coastline and wetlands. With little to limit the mink\u2019s numbers, the population of the semiaquatic mammal, in the same family as badgers and weasels, ballooned. While Iceland hosts nine terrestrial mammals, only one\u2014the native Arctic fox\u2014is a predator. So when the American invader arrived on the scene,\u00a0<\/strong>it doubled the number of four-legged threats to prey. By coastal cliffs, mink plucked seabirds from nests they had built out of the reach of foxes. And near rivers and creeks, mink built dens to feast uninterrupted on a plethora of Arctic char and salmon. In 1939, Iceland\u2019s federal government established a bounty system for mink which remains in place today.\u00a0<\/strong>A law shortly followed that deemed all mink should be eradicated. It required all local authorities to employ at least one mink hunter in their communities. Hunters pocket 3,000 Icelandic kronur (roughly US $28) for every mink tail turned in\u2014with bonuses for pregnant or lactating females\u2014and are compensated for their time at an hourly rate.<\/p>\n

Yet the rollout of the bounty system failed to quell the invasion; hunting statistics show that the mink population kept on increasing as the animals bred prodigiously in the wild. Though fur farms continue to operate, researchers believe Iceland’s feral mink are primarily descended from the first escapees in the 1930s.<\/p>\n

Where mink were found, Iceland\u2019s Atlantic puffin, common eider, and black guillemot colonies shrank. In 1994, the government admitted defeat and gave up its goal of total eradication. Municipalities were still required to have a hunter, but the new goal was simply to reduce the mink\u2019s negative impacts.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>

When the mink escaped from fur factories, it doubled the number of four-legged predators in Iceland. This one is preserved at the Natural History Museum of K\u00f3pavogur. Perhaps as many as 40 fur farms continue to operate in Iceland today. Photo by Svavar J\u00f3natansson<\/p><\/div>\n

Then, around 2003, something changed. Though bounty hunting efforts had stayed status quo, the mink population was suddenly in rapid decline. As naturalists and fishermen celebrated, scientists mounted another hunting effort\u2014not for mink, but for answers. In under a century, the invasive animal had gone from hostile fugitive and unbridled killer to victim of an unknown executioner. The mink, which once seemed impervious to the ecological rules that governed Iceland\u2019s food web, was now caught in the web\u2019s undoing. Whatever mysterious force it was reckoning with could give wildlife managers the opportunity to finally gain the upper hand against the intruder.<\/p>\n

\n

In the fragile ecosystem of an island, where animal populations are isolated and species diversity tends to be low, small environmental tremors can quickly become seismic shifts, knocking down victims all along the food chain\u2014whether native born or not.<\/p>\n

While mink have abused puffins and other seabirds for decades, over the past 15 years the bird populations have also been sucker-punched by climate change. Ocean temperatures around Iceland have been rising, with warmer waters stunting the growth of the sand eel, a critical food source for the millions of puffins that forage along the country\u2019s shores. The loss sent the puffin\u2019s reproductivity into a tailspin. For more than a decade, puffins have experienced almost complete breeding failure in the southern half of Iceland, including in the world\u2019s largest colony in the Westman Islands.<\/p>\n

As puffins faltered, mink did too.<\/p>\n

The invaders have also been producing fewer offspring in the wild. Scientists, who rely on hunting statistics to estimate the mink population, believe mink declined 60 percent between 2003 and 2015. The easy assumption would be that mink are failing directly because of seabird loss. Yet in nature, cause and effect is rarely a tidy equation: seabirds are not a critical food source for most mink, says R\u00f3bert Stef\u00e1nsson, a biologist at the West Iceland Nature Research Center, who has been studying American mink in Iceland for more than a decade. Although the two species have fluctuated together, it\u2019s more likely they\u2019re suffering in tandem from changes to the marine food web. \u201cWe don\u2019t know the details, since the food web of the North Atlantic is extremely complex,\u201d Stef\u00e1nsson says.<\/p>\n

Your browser does not support the video element.<\/p><\/video>\n

Snorri Rafnsson and his hunting dogs pursue a mink on the Sn\u00e6fellsnes Peninsula. Video by Gloria Dickie<\/span><\/p>\n

At the very base of the web, the loss of zooplankton may also be affecting fish species that mink have dined on for years, effectively robbing mink of their key food sources. Stef\u00e1nsson began receiving animals at his lab in the late 1990s. Before 2003, the carcasses indicated that the growing mink population was in good health; after 2003, the bodies were much skinnier, he says. When his lab analyzed stomach contents between 2001 and 2009,\u00a0<\/strong>he noticed a big diet change\u2014mink were consuming less food overall and the food they were eating, such as sea stars, was less nutritious. Plus, Arctic foxes, the mink\u2019s only real competitor, rebounded significantly from historic lows in the 1970s after the government rescinded legislation that forced property owners to poison foxes to protect livestock.\u00a0<\/strong>Some people theorized that foxes had grown so abundant they were harassing mink or pushing them out of their habitat. However, after 2010, the fox population began to decline, too, leading some to question whether the unseen force affecting mink was now hurting foxes. Thus, Stef\u00e1nsson won\u2019t rule out new diseases, parasites, or pollutants as factors in mink decline either.<\/p>\n

Mink had managed to slip beyond fur farms and wire cages, but there would be no easy escape from the island\u2019s vulnerable ecosystem.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s important to follow invasive species and try to understand what\u2019s controlling their population,\u201d Stef\u00e1nsson says. Then, the country can better plan efforts to control mink and prevent native wildlife from experiencing a similar demise, he says.<\/p>\n

So far, it seems the magnifying effects of climate change through the food web have been more effective than hunting at knocking back mink. The bounty program has done little to control the national mink population. Stef\u00e1nsson blames that, in part, on the disorganized nature of bounty hunting. It\u2019s up to municipal governments to manage the program, each with as many as five contracted hunters, but they all have different approaches. If one community is effective at culling mink but the neighboring community isn\u2019t, mink will naturally flow back into the lower density area, undermining the efforts of the first municipality. If the government is to capitalize on the mink\u2019s sudden change of fate, it has to become more strategic, he says. \u201cRight now, it\u2019s mostly the mink hunters themselves and their enthusiasm that drives the system.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

It\u2019s unlikely any Icelander is more enthusiastic about mink than Reynir Bergsveinsson.<\/p>\n

The 79-year-old has dedicated his life to patrolling the nation\u2019s wetlands for the trespassers, killing more than 6,000 mink in traps over his lifetime\u2014which amounts to roughly $168,000 in bounty money. He uses photos and newspaper clippings to carefully document his kills in a scrapbook that he often carries with him.<\/p>\n

In a flooded field on the southeastern part of the Sn\u00e6fellsnes Peninsula, near the river Lax\u00e1, Bergsveinsson lowers himself into a water-filled ditch half crusted over with ice and snow. Though he moves stiffly, his pale blue eyes fogged over with cataracts are animated with the same excitement he experienced as a 13-year-old hunting his first mink in Gufudalur in the Westfjords.<\/p>\n

At the behest of the man who owns the salmon fishing rights here, Bergsveinsson deployed one of his custom-designed mink traps a month ago. Waist-deep in the cold water, he takes a long wooden staff and inserts it into the trap\u2014a submerged concrete cylinder, no bigger than a cat crate, with a metal gate and narrow circular opening that\u2019s barely wider than his fist. He has 600 others like it around the country and sells them to supplement his earnings from mink hunting. This trap doesn\u2019t need to be baited to lure mink, he explains. They willingly swim in, their small bodies pushing open a hinged gate, eager to explore the foreign object in their territory. But once inside, the gate can\u2019t be opened again, preventing the now-panicked mink from escaping.<\/p>\n

\"Mink<\/a>

Reynir Bergsveinsson began hunting mink as a 13-year-old and never stopped\u2014he now has 6,000 kills to his name. Photo by Svavar J\u00f3natansson<\/p><\/div>\n

After a few moments of fishing around with his staff, Bergsveinsson triumphantly produces the waterlogged body of a male mink and lays it on the grassy bank. Then, unexpectedly, he pulls out another soggy corpse. He explains that\u2019s not uncommon: mink are so overcome with curiosity they\u2019ll want to see where their brethren have disappeared to. He slings the two pathetic animals over his staff and makes his way back to his truck, where he clips off the tails with a pair of metal pliers and adds them to a mason jar full of salted mink tails. The furs, at this stage, are worthless\u2014too damaged by months marinating in dirty ditchwater. But the tails are used to confirm the kills; he\u2019ll take them to the county government for his bounty.<\/p>\n

Exterminating mink is more important in some areas than others, but the national government hasn\u2019t focused efforts in those places, instead taking a one-size-fits-all approach to the problem.<\/p>\n

Following the economic crisis, which began at the end of 2008 in Iceland, some municipalities also capped payouts by setting a maximum quota on the number of mink tails they would pay for. This provided little incentive for hunters to pursue mink beyond the cap\u2014just when the mink population was crashing and a big hunting push might have made a significant difference. Indeed, bounty systems have an inherent flaw: as the target species declines, it\u2019s harder for hunters to make a living. Though there\u2019s no indication Iceland\u2019s hunters have been so calculating, Stef\u00e1nsson says, it\u2019s illogical from an economic perspective for them to want to wipe out mink\u2014and with them their potential for profit\u2014entirely. As mink declined in Iceland, hunters turned to other, more profitable, species and pursuits. As a result, Iceland has failed to galvanize enough support to deal the mink population a lethal blow while it’s down.<\/p>\n

Though the Icelandic government recently bumped its budget for mink control up by a third, the country may have missed its opportunity\u2014there are already accounts from hunters that mink are on the rebound. Bergsveinsson, for example, says the number drowning in his traps has increased over the past two years.<\/p>\n

Stef\u00e1nsson has heard such claims from others, too. \u201cIf that\u2019s true, that\u2019s interesting because the last two years have been slightly better for seabirds as well,\u201d he mulls. Last fall, Stef\u00e1nsson renewed calls for hunters to turn in their mink carcasses so he can continue to study their body condition and fertility to determine if there\u2019s been any change in the population.<\/p>\n

Rafnsson, meanwhile, is as committed to his calling as ever. This spring, he staked out at Hellissandur, one of the largest Arctic tern colonies on the island, to prevent mink from pillaging the nests. Then he traveled more than 600 kilometers to the east fjords, where hunting mink is easier; there is no tunnel-ridden lava with its boltholes for mink to thwart his mission of protecting his country\u2019s wildlife.<\/p>\n

Hunting alone will never be enough to completely push out the now-naturalized animal. But Rafnsson doesn\u2019t need to get all the mink\u2014just enough<\/em>. Enough that they\u2019re manageable and beaches are no longer littered with hundreds of bird carcasses. If he can accomplish that, maybe climate change will eventually take care of the rest.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There\u2019s more than one way to find a mink. But no way, it turns out, is particularly easy. On the coastal cliffs of B\u00fa\u00f0ir, on Iceland\u2019s western Sn\u00e6fellsnes Peninsula, it\u2019s raining sideways. Gusts of wind, measured in meters per second, <\/p>\n

…<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":23948,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[],"acf":{"hero_video_url":null,"hero_video_caption":"","deck":"In Iceland, imported mink escaped fur farms and feasted their way through the food web\u2014until nature bit back.","authors_group":[{"by_group":"by","contributors_group":[15545]}],"word_count_override":"2,400 words, about 12 minutes","podbean1":"6tz2iz\/The_Mysterious_Decline_of_Iceland_s_American_Invader.mp3","podbean2":"wpzi4-92abc2","redirect":"","geolocation":{"address":"Iceland","lat":64.8702778,"lng":-23.113611200000037},"related":[16124,16878],"twitterimage":23949,"facebookimage":23950,"twitterdescription":"What\u2019s really controlling the population of these American invaders?","edited":"","factchecked":"","code":"","no_old_story_flag":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/features\/23945"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/features"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/custom_features"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/features\/23945\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23969,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/features\/23945\/revisions\/23969"}],"acf:post":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/16878"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/features\/16124"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23945"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23945"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hakaimagazine.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23945"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}